When people rebel question answers

Q1 :  

What was the demand of Rani Lakshmi bai of Jhansi that was refused by the British?

Answer  a. Rani Lakshmi bai of Jhansi wanted the East India Company to recognise her adopted son as the heir to the kingdom after the death of her husband. 

b. This demand was refused by the British. 
c. Ultimately, the Company annexed the kingdom as per the Doctrine of Lapse.

Q2 :  

What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity?

Answer : In 1850, a new law was passed to make conversion to Christianity easier. This law allowed an Indian who had converted to Christianity to inherit the property of his ancestors.

Q3 :  What objections did the sepoys have to the new cartridges that they were asked to use?

Answer : a. The new cartridges were suspected of being coated with the fat of cows and pigs. 

b. Both Hindus and Muslim sepoys were resented by the introduction of these cartridges. Their religious sentiments were affected, and this was the reason they refused to use the cartridges. 

c. They felt that the British were trying to insult their religions.

Q4 :  

In what ways did the British change their policies as a result of the rebellion of 1857?

Answer :

Changes in the policies of the British after the suppression of the rebellion of 1857:

(i) The British Parliament passed an Act in 1859, under which, the powers of the East India Company were transferred to the British Crown.

(ii) The ruling chiefs of the country were assured that their territories would never be annexed by the British.  They also abolished the Doctrine of lapse.

(iii) Policies were made to protect landlords and zamindars, and give them security of rights over their lands.

(iv) The proportion of Indian soldiers in the army was reduced and the number of European soldiers in the army was increased.

(v)  Muslims Considered to be responsible for the rebellion in a big way, the British confiscated the land and property of Muslims on a large scale.

(vi) The British assured the people of India that their religious and social practises would be respected and not interfered with.

Q5 :  

How did the last Mughal emperor live the last years of his life?

Answer : a. During the revolt of 1857, Bahadur Shah did play an important role in the rebellion. 
b. He sent letters to all such chiefs and rulers, urging them to come forward and support the rebellion. 
c. After the revolt was suppressed, Bahadur Shah was tried in court and sentenced to life imprisonment. 
d. He and his wife were sent to prison in Rangoon in October 1858. He died in the Rangoon jail in November 1862.

Question.6. What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857? 

Answer_ The reasons are given below:

 a.  The Nawabs and Rajas had gradually lost their authority and honour_ Residents had been stationed in many courts.

 b. The freedom of the rulers reduced, their armed farces disbanded and their revenues and territories taken away by stages.

c.  In 1849, Governor- General Dalhousie announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar the family of the king would be shifted out of the Red Fort. 
d.  In 1856, Governor-General Canning decided that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be the last Mughal emperor and after his death his descendants would be recognised as princes. 
Question.7. How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh? 
Answer. The British succeeded in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh by providing them inheritance rights, i.e. they would enjoy the traditional rights over their land. The British also exempted them from taxes. 
Question.8. Why were the Indian sepoys in the employ of the Company discontented? Give sufficient reasons 
Answer. Reasons for their discontentment: 
(a) The Indian sepoys were given poor salaries and allowances.
(b) The conditions of service also made them unhappy.
(c) Some of the new rules even violated their religious sentiments and beliefs. 
(d) Many people in the country believed that if they crossed the sea they would lose their religion and caste.  
(e) In 1824 the sepoys were refused to go Burma by the sea route to fight for the Company  they were given severe punishment.  
Question.9. What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857? 
Answer_ The reasons are given below:
 (I) The  Nawabs and Rajas had gradually lost their authority and honour. Residents had been stationed in many courts, the freedom of the rulers reduced, their armed forces disbanded and their revenues and territories taken away by stages.
(ii)  In 1849, Governor- General Dalhousie announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar the family of the king would be shifted out of the Red Fort.
(iii) In 1856, Governor-General Canning decided that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be the last Mughal emperor and after his death his descendants would be recognised as princes.

Question.10. What impact did Bahadur Shah Zafars support to the rebellion have on the people and the ruling famiilies? 
Answer. (i) Bahadur Shah Zafar's support to the rebellion boosted the morale of the people and the ruling families. 
(ii) They became united to fight the British authority with double spirit. 
(iii) People of the towns and villages rose up in rebellion and rallied around local leaders, zamindars and chiefs. 
(iv) Nana Saheb, the adopted son of the late Peshwa Baji Rao, who lived near Kanpur, gathered armed forces and expelled the British garrison from the city.
(v)  In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmi bai joined the rebel sepoys and fought the British along with Tantia Tope.
Question.11. How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh? 
Answer. (i) The British succeeded in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh by providing them inheritance rights, i.e. they would enjoy the traditional rights over their land. 
(ii) The British also exempted them from taxes.

Question.12. Why were the Indian sepoys in the employ of the Company discontented? Give sufficient reasons ?
Answer. Reasons for their discontentment: 
(a) The Indian sepoys were given poor salaries and allowances.
 (b) The conditions of service also made them unhappy.
(c) Some of the new rules even violated their religious sentiments and beliefs. 
(d) Many sepoys in the country believed that if they crossed the sea they would lose their religion and caste.
(e)In 1856, the Company passed a new law which stated that every new person who took up employment in the Company's army had to agree to serve overseas if required.

Judiciary

1. You read that one of the main functions of the judiciary is ‘upholding the law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights’. Why do you think an independent judiciary is necessary to carry out this important function?
Ans. The independence of the judiciary allows the courts to play a central role in ‘upholding the law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights’ as it ensures that there is no misuse of power by the legislature and the executive. Anyone can approach the courts if they believe that their rights have been violated.

2. Re-read the list of Fundamental Rights provided in Chapter 1. How do you think the Right to Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of judicial review?

Ans. The Right to Constitutional Remedies allows an Indian citizen to move the court if he feels that any of his or her Fundamental Rights has been violated by the State.The judiciary has the power to review or even strike down any particular law passed by the Parliament if it believes that this law violates the basic structure of the constitution, which is called judicial review. 

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3. In the following illustration, fill in each tier with the judgments given by the various courts in the SudhaGoel case. Check your responses with others in class.

Ans.

Lower Court (Trial Court): Laxman, his mother Shakuntala and his brother-in-law Subhash Chandra were sentenced to death
High Court: Laxman, Shakuntala and Subhash Chandra were acquitted.
Supreme Court: Laxman, Shakuntala were given life imprisonment while Subhash Chandra was acquitted for lack of sufficient evidence.

link of video chapter judiciary

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-55j84V8WEs

minerals and power resources

Q1. Answer the following questions.

(i) Name any three common minerals used by you every day.

Answer:

 There are so many minerals which we use in our daily life like (a) coal, (b) Petroleum, (c) Limestone, (d) Salt, Iron, Aluminium, Cooper, etc.

(ii) What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally located?

Answer:

 An ore is the raw form of mineral found in a given rock. The ores of metallic minerals are found in hard rock under the earth's surface.  

(iii) Name two regions rich in natural gas resources.

Answer:

 The regions which are rich in reserves of Natural Gas Resources are: (a) Russia, U.K. and Norway in Europe. (b) Jaisalmer, Krishna-Godavari basin and Digboi Region in India.

(iv) Which sources of energy would you suggest for (a) rural areas (b) coastal areas (c) Arid regions

Answer:

 The suitable sources of energy would be (a) Rural Area   Bio-gas (b) Coastal Area   Tidal energy. Wind energy (c) Arid Regions   Wind energy. Solar energy  

(v) Give five ways in which you can save energy at home.

Answer:

 As energy consumption is increasing day by day and resources are limited therefore conservation of energy resource is a must by an individual at home by these ways:

• Switch off lights/fans when not in use.
• Use of copper wiring in the house.
• Use of one A.C. at a time.
•  Installing energy saving device.
• Use of tube lights than bulbs. Use a CFL light which consumes less energy and gives more light.  

Q2 Give reasons.

(i) Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams.

Answer:                                                                                                Yes, it is time that environmental aspects are to be taken care of before we build a huge dam on a river as construction activity will destroy, 

ecology of the area, will displace villagers, will destroy forests and will choke the flow of rivers. At times dams damage and cause lot of devastation and soil erosion as well as floods. 

(ii) Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.

Answer:

 Most of the heavy industries are found near to coal mines because of: (a) Coal is a heavy and bulky raw material coastly to be transported to longer distance.   (b) Basic sources of thermal energy.   (c) Basic source of smelting.   (d) It will cut the cost of production.

(iii) Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”.

Answer:

 Petroleum or crude oil is also called black gold because of not only colour but also due to its commercial values in the market. It is the source of running economy. All transport system of the world; all chemical and petro-chemical industries depend upon this source.  

(iv)  Quarrying can become a major environmental concern

Answer:

(i) It may destroy the humus of soil which is much required for the growth of plants and crops.
(ii) It produces a lot of noise pollution due to use of explosives at times in order to break the huge chunks of rocks.
(iii) In the process of quarrying lot of dust is generated which causes air pollution and also occupational hazards.
(iv) Blasting done in the process of quarrying generate vibration which damage in the nearby buildings, dams or any other similar structure.

Q3 Distinguish between the followings.  

(i)  Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy:  

S. No.	Conventional source of energy	Non-Conventional sources of energy
1.	These sources are in common use for a long time.	The use of non-conventional sources of energy started in recent time on commercial line.
2.	They are exhaustible in nature.	They are non-exhaustible in nature.
3.	They pollute the environment.	They do not pollute the environment.
4.	Main source of it are fossil fuels: Petroleum and coal and firewood.	Main source of it includes solar, wind, tidal, biogas etc.

(ii)  Bio gas and natural gas.  

S. No.	Bio gas	Natural gas
1.	It is produced from organic waste such as cow dung, dead plant, and agricultural waste.	It is found along with petroleum and come out before crude oil
2.	It is an excellent fuel for cooking and lighting and also produce huge amount of organic manure.	It is produced under the earth's surface by natural process.
3.	It is non-exhaustible and of good quality.	It is exhaustible but a good sources of energy.
4.	It is very cheap source of energy.	It is of low cost too.

(iii)  Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.  

S. No.	Ferrous minerals	Non-ferrous minerals
1.	All those metallic minerals which have iron content in it.	All those metallic minerals which have no iron content in it.
2.	Ferrous minerals are iron ore, manganese and chromites.	Metals like gold, silver and copper or lead are non-ferrous minerals.

  (iv) Metallic and non-metallic minerals.   

S. No.	Metallic minerals	Non-metallic minerals
1.	Minerals which contain metals in raw form.	Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals.
2.	They are hard substances that conduct heat and electricity.	They are soft and cannot conduct heat and electricity.
3.	Iron ore, bauxite, manganese are the examples.	Limestone, mica, gypsum, coal and petroleum are the examples.
4.

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Question Answers chapter Understanding Laws

                               Ch 4 Understanding Laws
                                         Excercises

1. Write in your own words what you understand by the term the 'rule of law'. In your response include a fictitious or real example of a violation of the rule of law.
Answer
Law is a system of rules, usually imposed through a Government or Institution and is applied to govern a group of people. It shapes politics,economics and society in numerous ways.
The most common example of a violation of the rule of law can be seen on the roads. Motorists and pedestrians do not follow the traffic rules. Motorists do not adhere to speed limits nor do they stop behind the line at traffic signals. Pedestrians rarely use the zebra crossing and cross the road at will causing harm not only to themselves but also to other road users.
2. State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.
 Answer
The two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the
Rule of Law in India are
→ Colonial law was arbitrary, e.g. Sedition Act of 1870
→ Indian nationalists played a prominent role in the development of the legal sphere in British India.
3. Re-read the storyboard on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words the different ways in which women's groups worked to make this happen.
Answer
Women's groups  used different forums like public protests, hearings, meetings with other organizations, press conferences and petitions to the government to introduce a new reformed bill on domestic violence to include demands like monetary relief and protection against being evicted from the shared household. While earlier, domestic violence only entailed "injury or harm or threat of injury or harm" by an adult male against a woman. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 extended to include physical, economic, sexual, verbal and emotional abuse.
4. Write in your own words what you understand by the following sentence on
page 44-45: They also began fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were forced to obey, to law as including ideas of justice. 
Answer
This line refers to the protests of Indian nationalists against the violation of the rule of law by British authorities. Indians were discriminated against in their own country by the British colonists and the Sedition Act of 1870  was  example of this.  
Many Indians began to practice the legal profession and used it to demand and gain equal rights for all. Thus, Indians played a major role in the evolution of the rule of law during times of colonial rule.