The making of nationalist movement ncert question answers

 Question 1: Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s?

Answer: Some of the reasons for dissatisfaction with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s are as follows:

• The Arms Act was passed in 1878. This Act disallowed Indians from possessing arms.
• The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878. This Act empowered the government to confiscate the assets of newspapers including their printing presses, if the newspaper published anything “objectionable”.
• The government tried to introduce the Ilbert Bill in 1883. The bill made provisions for trial of British or European persons by Indians. Thus, the Ilbert Bill sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country. But the whites opposed the Bill and forced the government to withdraw it.

·         Question 2: Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?

·         Answer: In spite of being a body of the educated elite, the Congress also talked about the common people.

·         Question 3: What economic impact did the First World War have on India?

·         Answer: The First World War changed the economic and political situation in India. There was a sharp price rise which increased the problems of the common people.

·         The business groups reaped huge profits because the war increased the demand for all kinds of goods. Reduced imports meant that the new demand was being met by the Indian business houses.

·         Question 4: What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?

·         Answer: In the 1940, the Muslim League moved a resolution to demand “Independent States” for the Muslims in the north-western and eastern areas of the country.

Question 5: Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?

Answer: In its first twenty years, the Congress was “moderate” in its objectives and methods. The Congress leaders of this period were called the Moderates. During this period, the main demand of Congress was about getting a greater voice for Indians in the government and administration.

Question 6: How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates?

Answer: They criticized the Moderates for their “policy of prayers”. They argued that people should not believe on the so called good intentions of the government and must fight for swaraj. They wanted to explore radical methods to ensure freedom.

Question 7: Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?

Answer: The Non-Cooperation Movement remained non-violent at most of the places. But some people interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi in their own ways; mostly to suit their local grievances.

• The Patidar peasants of Kheda (Gujarat) organized non-violent campaigns against the high land revenue demand.
• Liquor shops were picketed in coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu.
• The tribals and poor peasants in Guntur district (Andhra Pradesh) staged a number of forest satyagrahas; to protest against the new forest laws.
• The Khilafat-Non-Cooperation Movement gave enormous support in Sind and Bengal.
• In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs demanded to remove the corrupt mahants from gurdwaras.
• In Assam, the tea garden labourers demanded a big hike in their wages. They shouted the slogan, “Gandhi Maharaj ki jai”. In many folk songs of Assam; Gandhiji was referred to as “Gandhi Raja”.

 Question 8: Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi and other nationalist leaders argued that salt was an essential item of our food and hence it was wrong to impose a tax on salt. Moreover, the issue of salt affected all; the rich and poor; alike. Hence, Gandhiji choose to break the salt law.

Question 9: Discuss those developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.

Answer: After the 1937 provincial elections, Congress refused to form a coalition government with the League in United Provinces. This irked the League leaders. The Muslim League passed a resolution in 1940 to demand independent states for the Muslims in the north-west and eastern India. The Cabinet Mission came to Delhi in 1946. Its aim was suggesting some framework for the independent nation. It suggested loose confederation and some degree of autonomy for the Muslim-majority areas. But negotiations between the Congress and the League failed. After that, Muslim League persisted with its demand for Pakistan. Large scale violence occurred throughout the northern part of the peninsula. The country was finally partitioned in August 1947.

Human resources

Q1 Why is people considered as resource?

Answer

People are considered a resource because with their demands and capabilities they can create new resources. Nature's bounty becomes important only when people find it and make it useful for them. Hence, human resource is also considered an important and potential resource for the society.

(ii) What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world?

Answer

The distribution of population in the world is uneven - some areas are very crowded while some are sparsely populated. There are various reasons behind uneven distribution:

Geographical factors: Favourable topography, availability of mineral and fresh water resources, favorable climate and soil fertility are some of the reasons affecting population distribution e.g., Indo Gangetic  Plains, Diamond Mines of South Africa etc are densely populated.

Social and Cultural factors: Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more populated. Places of religious and cultural significance also attract people e.g., Varanasi, Jerusalem etc.

Economic factors: Places having more industries, transportation and communication facilities provide better employment opportunities. People are attracted to these places because of the above reasons e.g., Mumbai, Osaka etc.

Question 3: The world population has grown very rapidly. Why?

Answer: With advancements in science and technology, food production has increased. Development in healthcare facilities has helped in reducing death rate. Due to this, the world population has grown very rapidly.

(iv)    Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change.

Answer

The birth rate and the death rate are two factors that influence population change. The birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 people while the death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people. These are the natural causes of population change. When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, population increases. When the death rate is more than the birth rate, population decreases. When the two rates are equal, the population remains constant. Thus, the birth and death rates affect the balance of population.

(v)     What is meant by population composition?

Answer

Population composition refers to the structure of the population. Population composition helps to know the number of males or female, their age-groups, literacy, their occupation, their income level and health conditions etc.

(vi)    What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding about the population of a country?

Answer

The graphical illustration that is used for studying the population composition of a country is called population pyramid. It shows the present number of males and females in a country along with their age groups. The age groups of population tell us the number of dependent and the number of economically active individual present in the population.

Public Facilities chapter civics

Q1 why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?

·        The main reasons are that a private company works for profit in the market.

·        There have been a few examples where the responsibility for water supply was handed over to private companies. As a result there was a steep rise in the price of water making it unaffordable for most of the people.

·        Within India, few private companies supply water through water tankers or sealed bottles. But because of their high price not all people can afford it.
The Indian Constitution recognizes the right to water as being a part of the Right to Life.

·        The responsibility lies with the Government to ensure universal access to water.

Q2: Do you think water in Chennai is available and affordable by all? Discuss water supply in the world?

·                     Water supply in Chennai is marked by shortages. Municipal supply meets only about half the needs of the people of the city, on an average.

·                     There are areas which get water more regularly than others. Those areas that are close to the storage points get more water.

·                     The burden of shortfalls in water supply falls mostly on the poor.

·                     The middle class, when faced with water shortages, are able to cope through a variety of private means such as digging bore wells, buying water from tankers and using bottled water for drinking.

Q3: How is the sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai affecting the local people? Do you think local people can object to such exploitation of ground water? Can the Government do anything in this regard?

Due to sale of water by farmers to water dealers the ground water levels have dropped drastically in all these towns and villages.

Local people are facing severe shortages of water. They can object to such exploitation of ground water.

Being a natural resource, under-ground water should not be overused. Government should take strict steps in this regard.

 It should penalize such farmers as well as water dealers. Such activities of the farmers must not be tolerated.

Q4: Why are most of the private hospitals and private schools located in major cities and not in towns and rural areas?

 The services offered by these private hospitals and private schools are quite costly which the poor and even many middle-class people cannot afford.

The infrastructure and quality of services offered by these hospitals and schools are definitely better.

The rich and ambitious people who can afford to their costs live more in cities than in towns or rural areas.

This is the reason why the private hospitals and private schools are mostly located in major cities and not in towns or rural areas.

Q5: Do you think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair? Give an example of your own to explain.

 The distribution of public facilities in our country is neither adequate nor fair.

For example, people  living in Chandigarh avail all public facilities like water, healthcare and sanitation, electricity, public transport, schools and colleges. But if we see in other cities for example, Ferozepur and faridkot people face grave crises of public facilities. Electricity cut-offs, water shortages are normal routine of life. Public transport is also not properly developed.

Q6 Private educational institutions—schools, colleges, universities, technical and vocational training institutes are coming up in our country in a big way. On the other hand, educational institutes run by the government are becoming relatively less important. What do you think would be the impact of this? Discuss.  

The impact of this would be as follows: 

(i) Government institutions will gradually loose importance.

(ii) The poor people will not be able to get higher education since they cannot afford high fee in private institutions. It will be unjust for the economically poor and weaker section of our society.  

understanding criminal system

 

Additional Questions chapter understanding criminal system and justice

Q1. Mention the importance of the court of law in our legal system.

Ans. Courts play an important role in our legal system as they are the ones who provides justice and see to it that person who has committed crime is guilty or not.

Q2. Mention the four key players in criminal justice system.

Ans. Police, Public Prosecutor, Defense Lawyer, Judge.

Q3. Describe the role of the police in Investigating a Crime.

1.      One  important  function  of  the  police  is  to  investigate  any  complaint  about  the commission of a crime.

2.      An investigation includes recording statements of witnesses and collecting different kinds of evidence.

3.      On the basis of investigation, the police are required to form an opinion.

4.      If the police think that the evidence points to the guilt of the accused person, then they file a charge sheet in the court.

5.      Ultimately judge takes the decision whether a person is guilty or innocent.

Q4. What guidelines have been laid by Supreme Court for police during investigation?

a)      The Supreme Court has laid down guidelines that the police must follow at the time of arrest, detention and interrogation.

b)      Police investigation always has to be conducted in accordance with law and with full respect for human rights.

c)      The police are not allowed to torture or beat or shoot anyone during investigation.

d)     They cannot inflict any form of punishment on a person even for petty offences.

Q5. How is article 22 of Indian Constitution a guarantee from arbitrary arrest?

Ans. Article 22 of the constitution and criminal law guarantee from arbitrary arrest as they are helped from their fundamental right as stated below:

·         The Right to be informed at the time of arrest of the offence for which the person is being arrested.

·         The Right to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.

·         The Right not to be treated or tortured during arrest or in custody.

·         Confessions made in police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused.

·         A boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be called to the police station only for

questioning.

Q6. List the guidelines given by D.K. Basu for arrest and detention.

Ans. The following are the guidelines given by D.K. Basu.

·         The police officials who carry out the arrest or interrogation should wear clear, accurate and visible identification and name tags with their designations.

·         A memo of arrest should be prepared at the time of arrest and should include the time and date of arrest. It should also be attested by at least one witness who could include a family member of the person arrested. The arrest memo should be counter signed by the person arrested.

·         The person arrested, detained or being interrogated has a right to inform a relative, friend or well- wisher.

·         When a friend or relative lives outside the district, the time, place of arrest and venue of custody must be notified by police within 8 to 12 hours after arrest.

Q7. Write a short note on F.I.R.

1.  It is with the registration of an FIR (First Information Report) that the police can begin their investigations into a crime.
2.  The law states that it is compulsory for an officer in charge of a police station to register an FIR whenever a person gives information about a cognizable offence.
3.  This information can be given to the police either orally or in writing.
4.  The FIR usually mentions the date, time and place of the offence, details the basic facts of the offence, including a description of the events.
5.   If known, the identity of the accused persons and witnesses is also mentioned.
6.  The FIR also states the name and address of the complainant.
7.  There is a prescribed form in which the police register an FIR and it is signed by the complainant.
8.  The complainant also has a legal right to get a free copy of the FIR from the police.

Q8. Explain the role of the judge in the Indian Judicial Criminal System.

·       The judge is like an umpire in a game and conducts the trial impartially and in an open court.

·       The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the prosecution and the defence.

·       The judge decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with the law.

·       If the accused is convicted, then the judge pronounces the sentence.

·       He may send the person to jail or impose a fine or both, depending on what the law prescribes.

Q9. What is a FAIR TRIAL?

·         A fair trial is when the trail is held in an open court, in public view.

·         Any relative can attend the court. The trial is held in the presence of the accused.

·         The accused is defended by a lawyer.  The advocate of the accused is given an opportunity to present witnesses in the accused defence.

·         Although the police files the cases judge should assume the accused to be innocent.

·         The judge should decide the matter only on the basis of evidence before the court.

·         The judge should be impartial. They all should ensure that all the citizens irrespective of their class, caste, gender, religious and ideological background gets a fair trial when accuses.

Q10. What is the role of the Public Prosecutor?

·         In the court, it is the public prosecutor who represents the interests of the state.

·         The role of the Prosecutor begins once the police has conducted the investigation and filed the charge sheet in the court.

·         He / She have no role to play in the investigation.

·         The prosecutor must conduct the prosecution on behalf of the state.

·         As an officer of the court, it is his/ her duty to act impartially and present the full and material facts, witnesses and evidence before the court to enable the court to decide the case.

women caste and reforms

Q Why in the earlier days most parents were apprehensive of sending their girls to school?

1. Ans. Most parents were apprehensive of sending their girls to school because they feared that schools would take girls away from home, prevent them from doing their domestic duties.
2. Moreover, girls had to travel through public places in order to reach school.
3. Many people felt that this would have a corrupting influence on them.
4. They felt that the girls should stay away from public spaces.

Q  How did new opportunities open up for the people of the lower caste under the British?  

1. Ans; during the course of the nineteenth century, Christian missionaries began setting up schools for tribal groups and “lower” – caste children.
2. At the same time, the poor began leaving their villages to look for jobs that were opening up in the cities.
3. There were new demands of labour –drains had to be dug, roads, laid, buildings constructed, and cities cleaned.  This required coolies, diggers, carriers, bricklayer’s sewage cleaners, sweepers, palanquin bearers, rickshaws pullers.
4. Some also went to work in plantations in Assam, Mauritius, Trinidad and Indonesia work in the new locations was often very hard.  
5. There were other jobs too. The army, for instance, offered opportunities. A number of Mahar people, who were regarded as untouchable, found jobs in the Mahar Regiment. The father of B.R. Ambedkar the leader of the Dalit Movement, taught at an army school.

Q Describe the reform movement by the people of the lower castes against caste discrimination across India.

1. The Satnami movement in Central India, founded by a leader named Ghasidas who came from a “low” caste, worked among the leather workers and organized a movement to improve their social status.
2. In eastern Bengal, Haridas Thakur’s Matua set worked among ‘low’ caste chandala cultivators. Haridas questioned Brahmanical texts that supported the caste system.
3. In 1972 Ambedkar started a temple entry movement, in which his Mahar caste followers participated. Brahman priests were outraged when the Dalits used water from the temple tank. Convinced that untouchable had to fight for their dignity,
4. Periyar founded the self Respect Movement. He argued that untouchables were the true upholders of an original Tamil and Dravidian culture which had been subjugated by Brahmans.

Q9. How did the knowledge of ancient texts help the reformers promote new laws? Whenever they wished to challenge a practice that seemed harmful, they tried to find a verse or sentence in the ancient sacred texts that supported their point of view.

They then suggested that the practice as it existed at present was against early tradition. Thus, the knowledge of ancient texts helped the reformers promote new laws.

Q  Why were Christian missionaries attacked by many people in the country? Would some people have supported them too? If so, for what reasons?

Ans) Christian missionaries attacked by many people in the country because they feared that the missionaries would change the religion of tribal groups. Some people may have supported them because:- • They were setting up schools for tribal groups and “lower” – caste children. • These children were thus equipped with some resources to make their way into a changing world.

Q How did Jyotiba the reformers justify their criticism of caste inequality in society?

1. Jyotiba Phule argued that the Aryans were foreigners who came from outside the subcontinent.
2. According to Phule, the “upper” caste had no right to their land and power: in reality the land belonged to indigenous people, and so –called low castes.
3. Phule claimed that before Aryan rule there existed a golden age when warrior – peasants tilled the land and ruled the Maratha countryside in just and fair ways.

 Q .Why did Phule dedicate his book Gulamgiri to the American movement to free slaves?

Phule dedicated his book to all those Americans who had fought to free slaves thus establishing a link between the conditions of the “lower” caste in India and the black slaves in America. Phule extended his criticism of the caste system to argue against all forms of inequality. He was concerned about the plight of “upper” –caste women, the miseries of the labourer, and the humiliation of the “low” caste.

Q What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement?

Ans. In 1972, Ambedkar started a temple entry movement, in which his Mahar caste followers participated. Brahman priests were outraged when the Dalits used water from the temple tank. Ambedkar led three such movements for temple entry between 1927 and 1935. His aim was to make everyone see the power of caste prejudices within society.

 Q Why were Jyotiba Phule and Ramaswamy Naicker critical of the national movement? Did their criticism help the national struggle in any way?

They were critical of the national movement run by the upper caste leaders because they held that this would serve the purpose of the upper caste. After the movement these people again would talk of untouchability. Even Periyar left the congress in the earlier days of an incidence of untouchability.

Yes, their criticism helped the national movement struggle as unity. In forceful speeches, writings and movements of such lower caste leaders did lead to rethinking and self – criticism among upper caste nationalist leader.

Understanding Marginalisation chapter

Understanding Marginalisation

Exercises
 

1. Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word 'marginalisation'.
Answer
The word ‘marginalisation’ simply means exclusion from the mainstream.
Marginalisation of any community or a person can be because of many reasons like
→ Speaking a different language,
→Following different customs,
→ Belonging to different religious group from the minority community etc. 

Marginalisation is linked to experiencing disadvantage, prejudice, poverty and powerlessness.

2. List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalized.
Answer
The two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalized are:

→ The people often wrongly believe that Adivasis are exotic, primitive and backward.
→ That often Adivasis are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be resistant to change or new ideas.

3. Write one reason why you think the constitution's safeguards to protect minority communities are very important?
Answer
The Constitution's safeguards to protect minority communities are very important because they ensure that India's cultural diversity is protected from becoming largely unitary and they also help to promote equality and justice to all.

4. Re-read the section on Minorities and marginalization. What do you understand by the term minority?
Answer
Minority is the term which means the communities which are small in number in comparison to the communities which are more in number. For example, Muslims are in minority in comparison to Hindus.

5. You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: 'Muslims are a marginalized community'. Using the data provided in this chapter, list two reasons that you would give.
Answer
Two reasons in support of the statement "Muslims are a marginalized community":
→ The Muslim community has not been able to gain from the country's socio-economic development such as, literacy rate and public employment.

63.6% Muslims live in kutcha houses as compared to only 55.2% Hindus also the literacy rate amongst Muslims was the lowest at 59% in a 2001 survey.
→ Their customs are distinct from other religious communities, so that they are identified as separate from the "rest of us" leading to unfair treatment and discrimination against Muslims.

6. Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, "Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time". List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.
Answer
The three things I would tell a friend about the Adivasis in India would be:

→ Lives of Adivasis are actually very rich but people seem to know very little about the realties of their lives.
→ They are usually shown in sympathetically in colourful costumes, headgear and dancing.
→Often people wrongly believe that Adivasis are exotic, primitive, backward and immune to development.

8. Would you agree with the statement that economic marginalisation and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why?
Answer
Yes, economic and social marginalisations are interlinked. This can be described by the following:
→The minorities are made marginalized economically because they are not allowed access to the benefits of economic development.

→ When there is no economic development the minorities do not develop socially. Their society does no experience the fruits of social development. They remain backward.