Question answers how when and where chapter

Question – 1 - State whether true or false:
James Mill divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim, Christian.
Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think.
The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.
Answer: (a) True, (b) False, (c) True
Question – 2 - What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?
Answer: Although Hinduism is the religion of most of the Indians; the Muslim period did not begin one fine day. Muslims had been living in India from much earlier than beginning of the Islamic rule in India. Even during the peak of the Mughal Empire, there were many territories which were ruled by Hindu kings. Moreover, the British projected the so called Hindu and Muslim periods as the dark ages. They thought that the British rule would take India towards enlightenment. This was also a wrong notion.
Question – 3 - Why did the British preserve official documents?
Answer: Official records of the British administration serve as important source of history of this period. The British rulers believed that every instruction, plan, policy, decision, agreement, investigation should be clearly written up. This was necessary for proper study and debate about an issue. Hence, they carefully preserved all official records and created several archives for the purpose.
Question – 4 - How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?
Answer: A police report may give a version which was suited to the rulers of that time. A newspaper may project a different story. Projection in newspaper depends on the leaning of the newspaper towards a particular powerful group in the contemporary period.

  Additional Questions

Q1. Why did the British preserve official documents?

Answer:  They preserved the documents to maintain a permanent record of the official documents. They carefully preserved them.

Q2. How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?

Answer: The Police reports were not very trustworthy and are different from the information published in newspapers because the police was merely a puppet of the colonial government. They wrote the things in government’s favour only and hid the true facts.

Q3: Who was the first Governor-General of India?
Answer: Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General of India in 1773.

Q4: Why do we try and divide history into different periods?

Answer: 

1.                  It is an attempt to capture the characteristics of a time, its central features as they appear to us.

2.                  To demarcate the difference between periods which become important.

3.                  To reflect our ideas about the past. They show how we see the significance of the change from one period to the next.

Q5: What do you mean by the term 'colonisation'?

Answer: The subjugation of one country by another leads to these kinds of political, economic, social and cultural changes is called colonisation. 

Q6: When was The National Archives of India set up?

Answer: 1920 at the time when New Delhi was built by the British.

Q7: Why did Surveys become a common practice under the colonial administration in India?
Answer: The practice of surveying became common practice under the colonial administration because The British believed that a country had to be properly known before it could be effectively administered.

Q8: What types of surveys were conducted by colonial administration in India?

Answer: 
By the early nineteenth century detailed surveys were being carried out to map the entire country.

1.                  In the villages, revenue surveys were conducted. The effort was to know the topography, the soil quality, the flora, the fauna, the local histories, and the cropping pattern.

2.                  The objective was to record all the facts seen as necessary to know about to administer the region.

3.                  By the end of the nineteenth century, Census operations were held every ten years. These prepared detailed records of the number of people in all the provinces of India, noting information on castes, religions and occupation. 

4.                  There were many other surveys – botanical surveys, zoological surveys, archaeological surveys, anthropological surveys, forest surveys. 

Q9: Who produce the first map of India under British colonial period? Who asked for it?

Answer: James Rennel in 1782. Rennel was asked by Robert Clive to produce maps of Hindustan.

Q10. Where The British preserved all important documents and letters?

Answer; They set up record rooms attached to all administrative institutions. The village tahsildar’s office, the collectorate, the commissioner’s office, the provincial secretariats, the lawcourts.

the indian constitution

            The Indian Constitution Summary

Why Does a Country Need a Constitution?

The Constitution serves several purposes. First,
It lays out certain ideals which form the basis of kind of country we aspire to live in.

It helps serve basic set of rules to govern the nation.

It defines the nature of political system. It provides guidelines how government should be elected and its machinery should work.

It ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other, less powerful people or groups

 A Constitution guarantees certain fundamental   rights to all its citizens.

 The members of the Constituent Assembly had a huge task before them. Justify statement with appropriate reasons.

The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages, belonged to different religions, and had distinct cultures.

The partition of the country into India and Pakistan was imminent, some of the Princely States remained undecided about their future,

 The socio-economic condition of the vast mass of people appeared pity.

The Indian Constitution: Key Features

1. Federalism:

This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country. In India, we have governments at the state level and at the centre. Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government

The Constitution contains lists that detail the issues that each tier of government can make laws on.

2. Parliamentary Form of Government

Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens.

This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives.  

Every citizen of the country, irrespective of his/her social background, can also contest in elections.

These representatives are accountable to the people.

3. Separation of Powers

: There are three organs of the State. These are the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The legislature refers to our elected representatives. The executive is a smaller group of people who are responsible for implementing laws and running the government. The judiciary, of which  prevent the misuse of power by any one branch of the State

4. Fundamental Rights

: The Constitution, thus, guarantees the rights of individuals against the State as well as against other individuals.

5.Secularism:

A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion.
Exercise and additional questions

Q1. Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?

 Answer: The constitution serves several purposes such as:

It lays out certain ideals which form the basis of kind of country we aspire to live in.

It helps serve basic set of rules to govern the nation.

It defines the nature of political system. It provides guidelines how government should be elected and its machinery should work.

It ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other, less powerful people or groups

Q2. What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives?

If there are no restrictions on the power of the elected representatives the leaders might misuse the powers given to them. The Indian Constitution provides safeguards against this misuse of power by our political leaders. The Constitution lays down rules that guard the citizens against misuse of power.

Q3. Discuss the difference between State and Government.

State refers to a political institution that represents a sovereign people who occupy a definite territory.

‘Government’ is responsible for administering and enforcing laws. The government can change with elections. The government (or the executive) is one part of the State.

Q4. When constituent assembly drafted constitution for India?

Between December 1946 and November 1949, the Constituent Assembly drafted a constitution for independent India.

Q5. Who is known as Father of the Indian Constitution?

Answer: Dr Baba saheb Ambedkar

Q6.  Which Fundamental Rights will the following situations violate?

If a 13-year old child is working in a factory manufacturing carpets.

If a politician in one state decides to not allow labourers from other states to work in his state.

If a group of people are not given permission to open a Telugu-medium school in Kerala.

If the government decides not to promote an officer of the armed forces because she is a woman.

Answer: (a) Right against exploitation. The Constitution prohibits trafficking, forced labour, and children working under 14 years of age.

Right to Equality: All persons are equal before the law. The State cannot discriminate against anyone in matters of employment.

Cultural and Educational Rights: The Constitution states that all minorities, religious or linguistic, can set up their own educational institutions in order to preserve and develop their own culture.

Right to equality: No citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, caste or gender.

Q7.  What do you mean by parliamentary form of government laid down by the Indian constitution?

Answer: The Constitution of India provides a Parliamentary form of government. It is also called cabinet government. In this system the executive is collectively responsible to the legislature. The executive are directly elected by people of India as our constitution guarantees universal adult suffrage to all the citizens.

Q8.  What are Fundamental Rights? List these rights.

Answer: Fundamental rights are the natural rights which are protected and guaranteed by the constitution. The six fundamental rights laid out by the Indian constitution are:

Right to equality

Right Freedom

Right against exploitation

Right to freedom of Religion

Cultural and Educational rights

VI Right to Constitutional remedies

 Q9. "The people of Nepal drafted a new constitution after the success of people’s movement for democracy’’. What Constitutive Rule they would like to follow?

Answer: The new constitution will lay down ideals that define the kind of the country that we want to live in. Nepal's earlier constitution was in favour of monarchy and did not lay fundamental rules of democracy.

Q10. What were the challenges faced by the Constituent Assembly while drafting theIndia constitution?                                                                                      Answer:

a) The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages, belonged to different religions, and had distinct cultures.

b)Due to partition of India, there was considerable turmoil. There was law and order problem and future of Princely States was undecided.

c)The socio-economic condition of the vast mass of people appeared pity.

Q11. What is a constitution?

Answer: A constitution is document consisting of basic rules or principles according to which the people of a country are governed.

Q12. What purposes are served by Indian Constitution?

Answer: The constitution serves several purposes such as:

It lays out certain ideals which form the basis of kind of country we aspire to live in.

It helps serve basic set of rules to govern the nation.

It defines the nature of political system. It provides guidelines how government should be elected and its machinery should work.

It ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other, less powerful people or groups.

Q13. Name the national goals laid out by our constitution.

Answer: Democracy, Secularism and Socialism.

Q14. What are the salient features of Indian Constitution?

Answer:

Largest Written Constitution

Fundamental Rights and Duties

Directive Principles of State Policy

Integrated Judicial System

Single citizenship

Universal Adult Franchise

Federal System and Parliamentary Form of Government

Q15. The constitution also mentions fundamental duties. Find out with the help of your teacher what these include?  

To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;
 To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;
To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.

Map work and last year sample paper for practice

Read Map master very very carefully

some qus civics chp

Q1. Why do we need a law on minimum wages?

Private companies, contractors, businesspersons normally want to make as much profit to earn profits; they might deny workers their rights and not pay them wages. To ensure that workers are not underpaid, or are paid fairly, there is a law on minimum wages. A worker has to be paid not less than the minimum wage by the employer.

Q2. Why workers make unions or associations?

By organising themselves into unions /associations unions, workers can use their combined power to demand fair wages and better working conditions.

Q3. What the Right against Exploitation says?

Ans The Right against Exploitation says that no one can be forced to work for low wages or under bondage. 

 No child below the age of 14 shall be employed to work in any factory or mines or any other hazardous employment.

Q4. Describe the child labour prevention act 2006?

the Child Labour Prevention Act, banning children under 14 years of age from working as domestic servants or as workers in

dhabas, restaurants, tea shops etc. It made employing these children a punishable offence. Anyone found violating the ban must be penalised with a punishment ranging from a jail term of three months to two years and/or fine of Rs 10,000 to Rs 20,000.

 .

Q5. A ‘clean environment is a public facility.’ Can you explain this statement.

Ans.   The courts directed industries in residential areas shift out of the city

The clean and green environment is an asset and hygiene for people.

Article 21 of the Constitution and it includes the right to the enjoyment of pollution-free water and air for full enjoyment of life.

On 2 December 1984 methyl-isocyanite (MIC) - a highly poisonous gas - started leaking from Union Carbide plant

short notes history chapter

Political associations formed n the 1870s and 1880s. Most of

these were led by English-educated professionals such

as lawyers. The more important ones were the Poona

Sarvajanik Sabha, the Indian Association, the Madras

Mahajan Sabha, the Bombay Presidency Association and INC.

2 The Arms Act was passed in 1878.

3 The Indian National Congress was established when 72 delegates from all over the country met at Bombay in December 1885. The early leadership – Dadabhai Naoroji, PherozeshahMehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania Iyer.A retired British official, A.O. Hume, also played a part. Dadabhai Naoroji Naoroji’s book Poverty andUn-British Rule in India offereda scathing criticism of the economic impact of British rule.

The early demands of congress were the separation of the judiciary from the executive, the repealof the Arms Act and the freedomof speech and expression.The Congress demanded The economic demands were reduction of revenue, cut in military expenditure, and more funds for irrigation.They criticised British rule in their speeches and sent representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise public opinion

Who raised the slogan, “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!”Bal gangadhar tilak.

In 1905 Viceroy Curzon partitioned  Bengal. For reasons of administrative convenience.

Kesari, a Marathi newspaper edited by Tilak, group of Muslim landlords and nawabs formed the All India Muslim

League at Dacca in 1906.

  The First World War altered the economic andpolitical situation in India. It led to a huge rise in the

defence expenditure of the Government of India. The government in turn increased taxes on individualincomes and business profits. Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to a sharp rise in prices

ideas of socialism circulated widely, inspiring Indian nationalists by Russian revolution in 1917.

In 1895, along with other Indians, Mahatma Gandhi established the Natal Congress to fight against racial discrimination.

The Rowlatt Act curbed fundamental rights such as the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers. Rabindranath Tagore expressed the pain and anger of the country by renouncing his knighthood

Map work