link of video chapter judiciary

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-55j84V8WEs

minerals and power resources

Q1. Answer the following questions.

(i) Name any three common minerals used by you every day.

Answer:

 There are so many minerals which we use in our daily life like (a) coal, (b) Petroleum, (c) Limestone, (d) Salt, Iron, Aluminium, Cooper, etc.

(ii) What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally located?

Answer:

 An ore is the raw form of mineral found in a given rock. The ores of metallic minerals are found in hard rock under the earth's surface.  

(iii) Name two regions rich in natural gas resources.

Answer:

 The regions which are rich in reserves of Natural Gas Resources are: (a) Russia, U.K. and Norway in Europe. (b) Jaisalmer, Krishna-Godavari basin and Digboi Region in India.

(iv) Which sources of energy would you suggest for (a) rural areas (b) coastal areas (c) Arid regions

Answer:

 The suitable sources of energy would be (a) Rural Area   Bio-gas (b) Coastal Area   Tidal energy. Wind energy (c) Arid Regions   Wind energy. Solar energy  

(v) Give five ways in which you can save energy at home.

Answer:

 As energy consumption is increasing day by day and resources are limited therefore conservation of energy resource is a must by an individual at home by these ways:

• Switch off lights/fans when not in use.
• Use of copper wiring in the house.
• Use of one A.C. at a time.
•  Installing energy saving device.
• Use of tube lights than bulbs. Use a CFL light which consumes less energy and gives more light.  

Q2 Give reasons.

(i) Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams.

Answer:                                                                                                Yes, it is time that environmental aspects are to be taken care of before we build a huge dam on a river as construction activity will destroy, 

ecology of the area, will displace villagers, will destroy forests and will choke the flow of rivers. At times dams damage and cause lot of devastation and soil erosion as well as floods. 

(ii) Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.

Answer:

 Most of the heavy industries are found near to coal mines because of: (a) Coal is a heavy and bulky raw material coastly to be transported to longer distance.   (b) Basic sources of thermal energy.   (c) Basic source of smelting.   (d) It will cut the cost of production.

(iii) Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”.

Answer:

 Petroleum or crude oil is also called black gold because of not only colour but also due to its commercial values in the market. It is the source of running economy. All transport system of the world; all chemical and petro-chemical industries depend upon this source.  

(iv)  Quarrying can become a major environmental concern

Answer:

(i) It may destroy the humus of soil which is much required for the growth of plants and crops.
(ii) It produces a lot of noise pollution due to use of explosives at times in order to break the huge chunks of rocks.
(iii) In the process of quarrying lot of dust is generated which causes air pollution and also occupational hazards.
(iv) Blasting done in the process of quarrying generate vibration which damage in the nearby buildings, dams or any other similar structure.

Q3 Distinguish between the followings.  

(i)  Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy:  

S. No.	Conventional source of energy	Non-Conventional sources of energy
1.	These sources are in common use for a long time.	The use of non-conventional sources of energy started in recent time on commercial line.
2.	They are exhaustible in nature.	They are non-exhaustible in nature.
3.	They pollute the environment.	They do not pollute the environment.
4.	Main source of it are fossil fuels: Petroleum and coal and firewood.	Main source of it includes solar, wind, tidal, biogas etc.

(ii)  Bio gas and natural gas.  

S. No.	Bio gas	Natural gas
1.	It is produced from organic waste such as cow dung, dead plant, and agricultural waste.	It is found along with petroleum and come out before crude oil
2.	It is an excellent fuel for cooking and lighting and also produce huge amount of organic manure.	It is produced under the earth's surface by natural process.
3.	It is non-exhaustible and of good quality.	It is exhaustible but a good sources of energy.
4.	It is very cheap source of energy.	It is of low cost too.

(iii)  Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.  

S. No.	Ferrous minerals	Non-ferrous minerals
1.	All those metallic minerals which have iron content in it.	All those metallic minerals which have no iron content in it.
2.	Ferrous minerals are iron ore, manganese and chromites.	Metals like gold, silver and copper or lead are non-ferrous minerals.

  (iv) Metallic and non-metallic minerals.   

S. No.	Metallic minerals	Non-metallic minerals
1.	Minerals which contain metals in raw form.	Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals.
2.	They are hard substances that conduct heat and electricity.	They are soft and cannot conduct heat and electricity.
3.	Iron ore, bauxite, manganese are the examples.	Limestone, mica, gypsum, coal and petroleum are the examples.
4.

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Question Answers chapter Understanding Laws

                               Ch 4 Understanding Laws
                                         Excercises

1. Write in your own words what you understand by the term the 'rule of law'. In your response include a fictitious or real example of a violation of the rule of law.
Answer
Law is a system of rules, usually imposed through a Government or Institution and is applied to govern a group of people. It shapes politics,economics and society in numerous ways.
The most common example of a violation of the rule of law can be seen on the roads. Motorists and pedestrians do not follow the traffic rules. Motorists do not adhere to speed limits nor do they stop behind the line at traffic signals. Pedestrians rarely use the zebra crossing and cross the road at will causing harm not only to themselves but also to other road users.
2. State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.
 Answer
The two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the
Rule of Law in India are
→ Colonial law was arbitrary, e.g. Sedition Act of 1870
→ Indian nationalists played a prominent role in the development of the legal sphere in British India.
3. Re-read the storyboard on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words the different ways in which women's groups worked to make this happen.
Answer
Women's groups  used different forums like public protests, hearings, meetings with other organizations, press conferences and petitions to the government to introduce a new reformed bill on domestic violence to include demands like monetary relief and protection against being evicted from the shared household. While earlier, domestic violence only entailed "injury or harm or threat of injury or harm" by an adult male against a woman. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 extended to include physical, economic, sexual, verbal and emotional abuse.
4. Write in your own words what you understand by the following sentence on
page 44-45: They also began fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were forced to obey, to law as including ideas of justice. 
Answer
This line refers to the protests of Indian nationalists against the violation of the rule of law by British authorities. Indians were discriminated against in their own country by the British colonists and the Sedition Act of 1870  was  example of this.  
Many Indians began to practice the legal profession and used it to demand and gain equal rights for all. Thus, Indians played a major role in the evolution of the rule of law during times of colonial rule.

Ruling the countryside Question Answers

  

                        Ruling the countryside
 

Q2: Fill in the blanks:

(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw  indigo  as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth-century Britain because of   industrialisation.
(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of synthetic dyes.
(d) The Champaran movement was against indigo planters

Q3: Describe the main features of the Permanent Settlement.

Answer:

a. Permanent Settlement was introduced by East India Company in 1793.

b. By the terms of the settlement, the rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars.

c. Zamindars would collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the Company.

d. It would ensure a regular flow of revenue into the Company’s coffers and encourage the zamindars to invest in improving the land.

Q4: How was the Mahalwari System different from the Permanent Settlement?

Answer:

	Mahalwari System	Permanent Settlement
1.	Devised by Holt Mackenzie	Introduced by Lord Cornwallis
2.	Introduced in 1822	Introduced in 1793
3.	Alternative to Permanent Settlement	Main objective to have constant land revenue
4.	Village Headmen to collect revenue	Rajas, Taluqdars (called Zamindars) would collect revenue
5.	Revenue amount was not fixed	Initially revenue amount was fixed be revised periodically

Q5: Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.

Answer:
  (i) Revenue officials fixed too high a revenue demand in order to increase their revenue income.
  (ii) Peasants were unable to pay, ryots fled the countryside. Villages became deserted in many regions.

Q6: Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?

Answer: Ryots were reluctant to grow indigo for the following reasons:

a. British officials forced them to sign contract and ryots had to cultivate indigo at least 25% of the area.

b. Price for indigo was very low as compared to other crops.

c. The cycle of loans given to ryots became a vicious circle.

d. Indigo crops exhausted the soil fertility and after its harvest the land could not be sown with rice.

 Q7: What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal?

Answer:
a. Resentment grew among Indian peasants led to Blue Rebellion in March 1859. b. Farmers refused to pay rent to the planters. They attacked the indigo factories with weapons and their womenfolk attacked with pots and pans.

c. The agents of the planters were beaten and farmers who worked for the planters were socially boycotted.

d. The government set up Indigo Commission to enquire into the system of indigo production. It collapsed indigo production in Bengal and planters shifted their operation to Bihar.

Glossary

Mahal – In British revenue records mahal is a revenue estate which may be a village or a group of villages.

Plantation – A large farm operated by a planter employing various forms of forced labour.

Slave – A person who is owned by someone else – the slave owner. A slave has no freedom and is compelled to work for the master.

Bigha – A unit of measurement of land. Before British rule, the size of this area varied

from trade to territory question ans

Q.4: What attracted European trading companies to India?

Ans: European trading companies were attracted to India because of a number of reasons:

1) Trading with India was highly profitable and fruitful to the businessmen in Europe.

2) The European trading companies purchased goods at cheaper and sold them in Europe at the higher prices.

3) The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe.

4) Indian spices like – pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon were in great demand in Europe.

Q.5: What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal Nawabs and the East India Company?

Ans: In the 18th century, after the death of Aurangzeb, the Bengal Nawabs asserted their power and refused to grant the company further concessions. 

These Nawabs also denied to give them any right to mint coins and stopped it from extending its fortifications. 

The Nawabs accused the company for depriving from huge amounts of revenue and undermining the authority of the Nawab.

The company on the other hand, was refusing to pay taxes and writing disrespectful letters and trying to humiliate the Nawab and his officials. 

Q.6: How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

Ans:  1. The Diwani allowed the company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal.

2. Earlier the company had to buy most of the goods in India in exchange of gold and silver which, they imported from Britain. After the assumption of Diwani the company started to purchase the goods in India with these revenues.

3. Now the revenues from India could be used to purchase cotton & silk textiles and also meet various expenses including maintaining the troops, meet the cost of building the company fort and offices at Calcutta.

Q.7: Explain the “Subsidiary Alliance”?

Ans: After the battle of Plassey in 1757, the battle of Buxar in 1764, the company began the policy of “Subsidiary Alliance”. According to the terms of this alliance –

a) Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces.

b) They were to be protected by the company but pay for the Subsidiary Forces that the company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of their protection.

c) If the Indian rulers failed to make payment, then that part of territory was taken away by the company as penalty.

Q.8: In what way was the administration of the company different from that of Indian rulers?

Ans: a) British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies like – Bengal, Madras & Bombay whereas under the Indian rulers administration was divided into four parts – District (Zila), Paragana, Tehsil and Villages.

b) Each administrative unit was ruled by a Governor.

c) The supreme head of the administration was the Governor-General.

d) Warren Hastings introduced the new system of justice. Each district was to have two courts- civil & criminal court.

e) The European District Collector presided over civil courts.

f) The criminal courts were still under a Qazi and a Mufti.

g) Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new supreme court was established.

Q.9: Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the company’s army.

Mughal army was composed of the cavalry and infantry who were basically peasants and were given training in archery and sword.   

Initially East India Company adopted the same method and recruited Indian Sepoy Army.

They trained sepoy on the basis of European warfare technology.

They reduced cavalry and increased infantry regiments.

They also introduced uniform military culture in the form of drill and discipline.

The Indian soldiers were not given the salary and treatment like their British counterparts.

Glossary

Dharmashastras – Sanskrit texts prescribing social rules and codes of behaviour,  

Sawar – Men on horses 

Musket – A heavy gun used by infantry soldiers 

Matchlock – An early type of gun in which the powder was ignited by a match

Mufti – A jurist of the Muslim community responsible for expounding the law that the qazi would administer 

Impeachment – A trial by the House of Lords in England for charges of misconduct brought against a person in the House of Commons.

Subservience – Submissiveness.

Find answers of the following additional questions? 

1. Who implemented the Doctrine of lapse? Give the name of those states 
which were annexed under this policy.
Ans, LordCornwallis implemented the doctrine of lapse. Satara, Nagpur,Sambalpur and Jhansi were annexed in this policy.
2. Who initiated a new policy of “paramountcy” in India? 
Ans, Lord Hestings initiated a policy of paramountcy.

3. In which battle Tipu Sultan was killed?
Ans, The battle of seringapattnam.

 

 

land, soil wildlife question answers

Answer the following questions:

(i). Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation?

Ans. Temperature and rainfall are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation.

(ii) Write any two reasons for land degradation today.

Ans. Deforestation and the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides and fertilisers in agricultural lands are two factors contributing to land degradation.

(iii). Why is land considered an important resource?

Ans. Land is among the most important natural resources. It provides habitation to a wide variety of flora and fauna. Human beings use land for various purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses and roads, and setting up industries.

(iv). What steps has government taken to conserve plants and animals?

Ans. Two steps that the government has taken to conserve plants and animals:

(a) Has set up national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves for protecting natural vegetation and wildlife; for example, the Kaziranga National Park in Assam.

(b) Has banned the killing of lions, tigers, deer, great Indian bustards and peacocks. It has also prohibited the trade of the species of plants and animals protected under the international agreement CITES.

(v) Suggest three ways to conserve water.

Ans. Three ways to conserve water:

(a) Rain-water harvesting.

(b) Reducing wastage of water.

(c) Replenishing ground water by promoting afforestation.

2. Tick the correct answer:

(i). Which one of the following is not a factor of soil formation?

Ans. (b). Soil texture

(ii). Which one of the following methods is most appropriate to check soil erosion on steep slopes?

Ans. (c) Terrace cultivation

(iii). Which one of the following is not in favour of the conservation of the nature:

Ans. (c) Dispose polypacks after shopping

Q What does CITES stand for?

Ans;Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Q : What are Deciduous trees?
Ans: Deciduous trees shed their leaves in a particular season to conserve loss of moisture through transpiration.

What are the causes of landslide?
Ans: Causes of the landslide are:
i.  Earthquakes
ii. Floods
iii. Volcanic eruption
iv. Prolonged spell of rainfall.

link for geography chap

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2Se2bPQKpk