Public Facilities chapter civics

Q1 why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?

·        The main reasons are that a private company works for profit in the market.

·        There have been a few examples where the responsibility for water supply was handed over to private companies. As a result there was a steep rise in the price of water making it unaffordable for most of the people.

·        Within India, few private companies supply water through water tankers or sealed bottles. But because of their high price not all people can afford it.
The Indian Constitution recognizes the right to water as being a part of the Right to Life.

·        The responsibility lies with the Government to ensure universal access to water.

Q2: Do you think water in Chennai is available and affordable by all? Discuss water supply in the world?

·                     Water supply in Chennai is marked by shortages. Municipal supply meets only about half the needs of the people of the city, on an average.

·                     There are areas which get water more regularly than others. Those areas that are close to the storage points get more water.

·                     The burden of shortfalls in water supply falls mostly on the poor.

·                     The middle class, when faced with water shortages, are able to cope through a variety of private means such as digging bore wells, buying water from tankers and using bottled water for drinking.

Q3: How is the sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai affecting the local people? Do you think local people can object to such exploitation of ground water? Can the Government do anything in this regard?

Due to sale of water by farmers to water dealers the ground water levels have dropped drastically in all these towns and villages.

Local people are facing severe shortages of water. They can object to such exploitation of ground water.

Being a natural resource, under-ground water should not be overused. Government should take strict steps in this regard.

 It should penalize such farmers as well as water dealers. Such activities of the farmers must not be tolerated.

Q4: Why are most of the private hospitals and private schools located in major cities and not in towns and rural areas?

 The services offered by these private hospitals and private schools are quite costly which the poor and even many middle-class people cannot afford.

The infrastructure and quality of services offered by these hospitals and schools are definitely better.

The rich and ambitious people who can afford to their costs live more in cities than in towns or rural areas.

This is the reason why the private hospitals and private schools are mostly located in major cities and not in towns or rural areas.

Q5: Do you think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair? Give an example of your own to explain.

 The distribution of public facilities in our country is neither adequate nor fair.

For example, people  living in Chandigarh avail all public facilities like water, healthcare and sanitation, electricity, public transport, schools and colleges. But if we see in other cities for example, Ferozepur and faridkot people face grave crises of public facilities. Electricity cut-offs, water shortages are normal routine of life. Public transport is also not properly developed.

Q6 Private educational institutions—schools, colleges, universities, technical and vocational training institutes are coming up in our country in a big way. On the other hand, educational institutes run by the government are becoming relatively less important. What do you think would be the impact of this? Discuss.  

The impact of this would be as follows: 

(i) Government institutions will gradually loose importance.

(ii) The poor people will not be able to get higher education since they cannot afford high fee in private institutions. It will be unjust for the economically poor and weaker section of our society.  

understanding criminal system

 

Additional Questions chapter understanding criminal system and justice

Q1. Mention the importance of the court of law in our legal system.

Ans. Courts play an important role in our legal system as they are the ones who provides justice and see to it that person who has committed crime is guilty or not.

Q2. Mention the four key players in criminal justice system.

Ans. Police, Public Prosecutor, Defense Lawyer, Judge.

Q3. Describe the role of the police in Investigating a Crime.

1.      One  important  function  of  the  police  is  to  investigate  any  complaint  about  the commission of a crime.

2.      An investigation includes recording statements of witnesses and collecting different kinds of evidence.

3.      On the basis of investigation, the police are required to form an opinion.

4.      If the police think that the evidence points to the guilt of the accused person, then they file a charge sheet in the court.

5.      Ultimately judge takes the decision whether a person is guilty or innocent.

Q4. What guidelines have been laid by Supreme Court for police during investigation?

a)      The Supreme Court has laid down guidelines that the police must follow at the time of arrest, detention and interrogation.

b)      Police investigation always has to be conducted in accordance with law and with full respect for human rights.

c)      The police are not allowed to torture or beat or shoot anyone during investigation.

d)     They cannot inflict any form of punishment on a person even for petty offences.

Q5. How is article 22 of Indian Constitution a guarantee from arbitrary arrest?

Ans. Article 22 of the constitution and criminal law guarantee from arbitrary arrest as they are helped from their fundamental right as stated below:

·         The Right to be informed at the time of arrest of the offence for which the person is being arrested.

·         The Right to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.

·         The Right not to be treated or tortured during arrest or in custody.

·         Confessions made in police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused.

·         A boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be called to the police station only for

questioning.

Q6. List the guidelines given by D.K. Basu for arrest and detention.

Ans. The following are the guidelines given by D.K. Basu.

·         The police officials who carry out the arrest or interrogation should wear clear, accurate and visible identification and name tags with their designations.

·         A memo of arrest should be prepared at the time of arrest and should include the time and date of arrest. It should also be attested by at least one witness who could include a family member of the person arrested. The arrest memo should be counter signed by the person arrested.

·         The person arrested, detained or being interrogated has a right to inform a relative, friend or well- wisher.

·         When a friend or relative lives outside the district, the time, place of arrest and venue of custody must be notified by police within 8 to 12 hours after arrest.

Q7. Write a short note on F.I.R.

1.  It is with the registration of an FIR (First Information Report) that the police can begin their investigations into a crime.
2.  The law states that it is compulsory for an officer in charge of a police station to register an FIR whenever a person gives information about a cognizable offence.
3.  This information can be given to the police either orally or in writing.
4.  The FIR usually mentions the date, time and place of the offence, details the basic facts of the offence, including a description of the events.
5.   If known, the identity of the accused persons and witnesses is also mentioned.
6.  The FIR also states the name and address of the complainant.
7.  There is a prescribed form in which the police register an FIR and it is signed by the complainant.
8.  The complainant also has a legal right to get a free copy of the FIR from the police.

Q8. Explain the role of the judge in the Indian Judicial Criminal System.

·       The judge is like an umpire in a game and conducts the trial impartially and in an open court.

·       The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the prosecution and the defence.

·       The judge decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with the law.

·       If the accused is convicted, then the judge pronounces the sentence.

·       He may send the person to jail or impose a fine or both, depending on what the law prescribes.

Q9. What is a FAIR TRIAL?

·         A fair trial is when the trail is held in an open court, in public view.

·         Any relative can attend the court. The trial is held in the presence of the accused.

·         The accused is defended by a lawyer.  The advocate of the accused is given an opportunity to present witnesses in the accused defence.

·         Although the police files the cases judge should assume the accused to be innocent.

·         The judge should decide the matter only on the basis of evidence before the court.

·         The judge should be impartial. They all should ensure that all the citizens irrespective of their class, caste, gender, religious and ideological background gets a fair trial when accuses.

Q10. What is the role of the Public Prosecutor?

·         In the court, it is the public prosecutor who represents the interests of the state.

·         The role of the Prosecutor begins once the police has conducted the investigation and filed the charge sheet in the court.

·         He / She have no role to play in the investigation.

·         The prosecutor must conduct the prosecution on behalf of the state.

·         As an officer of the court, it is his/ her duty to act impartially and present the full and material facts, witnesses and evidence before the court to enable the court to decide the case.

women caste and reforms

Q Why in the earlier days most parents were apprehensive of sending their girls to school?

1. Ans. Most parents were apprehensive of sending their girls to school because they feared that schools would take girls away from home, prevent them from doing their domestic duties.
2. Moreover, girls had to travel through public places in order to reach school.
3. Many people felt that this would have a corrupting influence on them.
4. They felt that the girls should stay away from public spaces.

Q  How did new opportunities open up for the people of the lower caste under the British?  

1. Ans; during the course of the nineteenth century, Christian missionaries began setting up schools for tribal groups and “lower” – caste children.
2. At the same time, the poor began leaving their villages to look for jobs that were opening up in the cities.
3. There were new demands of labour –drains had to be dug, roads, laid, buildings constructed, and cities cleaned.  This required coolies, diggers, carriers, bricklayer’s sewage cleaners, sweepers, palanquin bearers, rickshaws pullers.
4. Some also went to work in plantations in Assam, Mauritius, Trinidad and Indonesia work in the new locations was often very hard.  
5. There were other jobs too. The army, for instance, offered opportunities. A number of Mahar people, who were regarded as untouchable, found jobs in the Mahar Regiment. The father of B.R. Ambedkar the leader of the Dalit Movement, taught at an army school.

Q Describe the reform movement by the people of the lower castes against caste discrimination across India.

1. The Satnami movement in Central India, founded by a leader named Ghasidas who came from a “low” caste, worked among the leather workers and organized a movement to improve their social status.
2. In eastern Bengal, Haridas Thakur’s Matua set worked among ‘low’ caste chandala cultivators. Haridas questioned Brahmanical texts that supported the caste system.
3. In 1972 Ambedkar started a temple entry movement, in which his Mahar caste followers participated. Brahman priests were outraged when the Dalits used water from the temple tank. Convinced that untouchable had to fight for their dignity,
4. Periyar founded the self Respect Movement. He argued that untouchables were the true upholders of an original Tamil and Dravidian culture which had been subjugated by Brahmans.

Q9. How did the knowledge of ancient texts help the reformers promote new laws? Whenever they wished to challenge a practice that seemed harmful, they tried to find a verse or sentence in the ancient sacred texts that supported their point of view.

They then suggested that the practice as it existed at present was against early tradition. Thus, the knowledge of ancient texts helped the reformers promote new laws.

Q  Why were Christian missionaries attacked by many people in the country? Would some people have supported them too? If so, for what reasons?

Ans) Christian missionaries attacked by many people in the country because they feared that the missionaries would change the religion of tribal groups. Some people may have supported them because:- • They were setting up schools for tribal groups and “lower” – caste children. • These children were thus equipped with some resources to make their way into a changing world.

Q How did Jyotiba the reformers justify their criticism of caste inequality in society?

1. Jyotiba Phule argued that the Aryans were foreigners who came from outside the subcontinent.
2. According to Phule, the “upper” caste had no right to their land and power: in reality the land belonged to indigenous people, and so –called low castes.
3. Phule claimed that before Aryan rule there existed a golden age when warrior – peasants tilled the land and ruled the Maratha countryside in just and fair ways.

 Q .Why did Phule dedicate his book Gulamgiri to the American movement to free slaves?

Phule dedicated his book to all those Americans who had fought to free slaves thus establishing a link between the conditions of the “lower” caste in India and the black slaves in America. Phule extended his criticism of the caste system to argue against all forms of inequality. He was concerned about the plight of “upper” –caste women, the miseries of the labourer, and the humiliation of the “low” caste.

Q What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement?

Ans. In 1972, Ambedkar started a temple entry movement, in which his Mahar caste followers participated. Brahman priests were outraged when the Dalits used water from the temple tank. Ambedkar led three such movements for temple entry between 1927 and 1935. His aim was to make everyone see the power of caste prejudices within society.

 Q Why were Jyotiba Phule and Ramaswamy Naicker critical of the national movement? Did their criticism help the national struggle in any way?

They were critical of the national movement run by the upper caste leaders because they held that this would serve the purpose of the upper caste. After the movement these people again would talk of untouchability. Even Periyar left the congress in the earlier days of an incidence of untouchability.

Yes, their criticism helped the national movement struggle as unity. In forceful speeches, writings and movements of such lower caste leaders did lead to rethinking and self – criticism among upper caste nationalist leader.

Understanding Marginalisation chapter

Understanding Marginalisation

Exercises
 

1. Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word 'marginalisation'.
Answer
The word ‘marginalisation’ simply means exclusion from the mainstream.
Marginalisation of any community or a person can be because of many reasons like
→ Speaking a different language,
→Following different customs,
→ Belonging to different religious group from the minority community etc. 

Marginalisation is linked to experiencing disadvantage, prejudice, poverty and powerlessness.

2. List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalized.
Answer
The two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalized are:

→ The people often wrongly believe that Adivasis are exotic, primitive and backward.
→ That often Adivasis are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be resistant to change or new ideas.

3. Write one reason why you think the constitution's safeguards to protect minority communities are very important?
Answer
The Constitution's safeguards to protect minority communities are very important because they ensure that India's cultural diversity is protected from becoming largely unitary and they also help to promote equality and justice to all.

4. Re-read the section on Minorities and marginalization. What do you understand by the term minority?
Answer
Minority is the term which means the communities which are small in number in comparison to the communities which are more in number. For example, Muslims are in minority in comparison to Hindus.

5. You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: 'Muslims are a marginalized community'. Using the data provided in this chapter, list two reasons that you would give.
Answer
Two reasons in support of the statement "Muslims are a marginalized community":
→ The Muslim community has not been able to gain from the country's socio-economic development such as, literacy rate and public employment.

63.6% Muslims live in kutcha houses as compared to only 55.2% Hindus also the literacy rate amongst Muslims was the lowest at 59% in a 2001 survey.
→ Their customs are distinct from other religious communities, so that they are identified as separate from the "rest of us" leading to unfair treatment and discrimination against Muslims.

6. Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, "Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time". List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.
Answer
The three things I would tell a friend about the Adivasis in India would be:

→ Lives of Adivasis are actually very rich but people seem to know very little about the realties of their lives.
→ They are usually shown in sympathetically in colourful costumes, headgear and dancing.
→Often people wrongly believe that Adivasis are exotic, primitive, backward and immune to development.

8. Would you agree with the statement that economic marginalisation and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why?
Answer
Yes, economic and social marginalisations are interlinked. This can be described by the following:
→The minorities are made marginalized economically because they are not allowed access to the benefits of economic development.

→ When there is no economic development the minorities do not develop socially. Their society does no experience the fruits of social development. They remain backward.

Questions solution Agriculture chapter

(i) What is agriculture?

1. Agriculture is the science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing of livestock. 

2. Agriculture is a primary activity and favourable climate and fertile soil are crucial for agricultural activity.

(ii) Name the factors influencing agriculture

The topography and fertility of the soil and the climate are the two main factors that influence agriculture. 

Crops need fertile soil, adequate rainfall and plenty of sunlight to grow well.

(iii) What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?

In the thickly forested areas of tropical Africa, Amazon basin and Northeast India, farmers clear a piece of land by felling the trees. The felled trees are then burnt and ashes are mixed into the soil. Crops like yam, potatoes, cassava and maize are grown in these farms. When the soil loses its fertility, they will abandon the land and move to another plot. This is known as shifting cultivation.

The major disadvantage of shifting cultivation 

1. it leads to deforestation and soil erosion. 

2. It is also highly labor intensive. 

3. The farmer has to prepare the land every time he wants to grow crops.

4. In addition, this method of farming is not suitable for producing crops in large quantities.

(iv) What is plantation agriculture?

 Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming where a single crop of tea, sugarcane, coffee, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton is grown. 

Large amounts of labor and capital are required. 

Brazil has large plantations of coffee and India has large plantations of tea.

(v) Name the fibre crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth.

Cotton and jute are the chief fibre crops. 

Cotton requires light rainfall, bright sunshine, high temperature and at least 210 frost free days for optimum growth. It grows on black and alluvial soil. 

Jute requires high temperature, heavy rainfall and humid climate. It grows well on alluvial soil.

Give reasons

(i) In India agriculture is a primary activity

 Two-thirds of the population of India still depends on agriculture. Most farmers in India practice intensive agriculture. 

Commercial farming is not practiced here and most farmers simply take their produce to the mandi and sell it even when the prices are low. 

Since the farmer only grows crops and is not involved in its commercial trade or processing, agriculture in India is considered as a primary activity.

(ii) Different crops are grown in different regions

 Different crops grown in a particular region depends upon several factors such as the topography of the soil, demand for the produce, availability of technology and climate. 

For example, rice requires high temperature and heavy rainfall available in tropical and sub-tropical climates. Wheat, on the other hand, requires moderate temperature and rainfall.

4. Distinguish between the following

(i) Primary activities and tertiary activities

Primary activities include all those activities connected with the extraction and production of natural resources.

 Fishing and farming are good examples of primary activities.

Tertiary activities support the primary and secondary activities through services.  Examples of tertiary activities include trade, advertising, banking and transport.

(ii) Subsistence farming and intensive farming

Subsistence farming is the type of farming practiced to meet the needs of the farmer and his family.
In which old tools and primitive methods are used.

Intensive farming 

1. is a kind of subsistence farming in which the farmer cultivates a small piece of land using simple tools and manual labour. 
2. The farmer may grow two or three crops in a year on the same land. 
3. This type of farming is mainly practiced in the thickly populated areas of south, southeast and east Asia.

Difference between a farm in India and  a farm in USA.

Size  farm size in India approximately 1.5 hectare.
An average farm size in USA is 200 hectare.
Crops  farmers in India  grows at least two crops in a year which are normally wheat or rice and pulses.
In USA farmers grow single crop such as  corn, soybean, wheat, cotton and sugar beet.
Tools farmers in India  still use traditional method of using bullocks for ploughing.
In USA farmers uses tractors, seed drills, leveler, combined harvester and thresher to perform various agricultural operations.
In India majority of the farmers do not have storage facilities.
In USA A grains are stored in the automated grain storage or dispatched to market agencies.

History notes

SYSTEMS OF INDIGO CULTIVATION:

Nij Cultivation:

In this system, the planter produced indigo on those lands which were under his direct control. The planter either bought the land or rented it from other zamindars. He directly employed labourers to produce indigo.

The problem with nij cultivation

• Indigo could only be cultivated on fertile lands.   This made it difficult to expand the area under nij cultivation.
• A large plantation required a large number of workers. Work at indigo plantation coincided with the time when peasants were busy with rice cultivation. Hence, mobilizing the labour for indigo cultivation was a difficult task.
• Large scale nij cultivation also required many ploughs and bullocks. It was a big problem to bur and maintain the ploughs.  
• Till the late nineteenth century, planters were not willing to expand the area under nij cultivation. Less than 25% of the indigo cultivation was done under nij system.

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Ryoti System

Under the ryoti system, indigo cultivation was done by the ryots. The planters made the ryots to sign a contract or an agreement. Sometimes, they pressurized the village headmen to sign the contract on behalf of the ryots. After signing the contract, the ryots got cash advances from the planters. But after taking the loan, the ryot was committed to grow indigo on at least 25% of his land holding. 

But the planters bought indigo at low prices and hence the ryots were always in debt trap.

“Blue Rebellion”

• Thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo in March 1859. The ryots refused to pay rents to the planters. They attacked indigo factories. They used to be armed with swords and spears, bows and arrows. Women also fought with pots, panda and kitchen implements. Those who worked for the planters were socially boycotted.  
• In many villages, headmen mobilized the indigo peasants against the lathiyals.  
• After the Revolt of 1857, the British government was worried about the possibility of another popular rebellion. When the news of indigo revolt spread, the Lieutenant Governor toured the region in the winter of 1859. This was seen as a sign of sympathy by the ryots. They began to believe that the British government would support them in their struggle.
• When the rebellion spread, intellectuals from Calcutta rushed to the indigo districts. They began writing about the misery of the ryots and the horrors of the indigo system.
• The government called in the military to protect the planters. The Indigo Commission was set up to enquire into the system of indigo production.  
• Answer the following:-
  1. Describe Ryotwari system of land revenue collection.
  2. Describe the Mahalwari system of land revenue collection
  3. Why did the British expand areas under indigo cultivation? Who were the new plantation owners?
  4. Why did East India Company feel the need to improve agriculture between 1773-1793?
  5. Describe features of Permanent settlement.
  6. What were the problems created by permanent settlement?
  7. What was the reason for demand of Indian Indigo?
  8. How was Mahalwari system different from Permanent Settlement system?
  
  
  II Answer in a line:-
  1. When was Permanent settlement introduced in Bengal?
  2. Who devised system of Mahalwari system?
  3. Who fought for indigo planter’s rights in India?
  4. Why did the demand of indigo rise in Britain?
  5. Name the two main system of growing indigo.
  6. Name the four plantation crops introduced by British in India and places they were grown in.
  7. Who was Holt Mackenzie? Who created Kalamkari & how was it done?