The making of nationalist movement

              The making of nationalist movement

Sovereign – The capacity to act independently without outside interference

Demands of congress in modrate phase

It demanded a greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration.

 It wanted the Legislative Councils to be made more representative, given more power, and introduced in provinces where none existed.

 It demanded that Indians be placed in high positions in the government. For this purpose it called for civil service examinations to be held in India as well, not just in London

Other demands included the separation of the judiciary from the executive,

the repeal of the Arms Act and the freedom of speech and expression.

The Congress demanded reduction of revenue, cut in military expenditure, and more funds for irrigation.

Repeal – To undo law; to officially end the validity of something such as a law

Publicist – Someone who publicises an idea by circulating information, writing reports, speaking at meetings

“Freedom is our birthright”

In Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab, leaders such as Bepin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai were beginning to explore more radical objectives and methods. They criticized the Moderates for their “politics of prayers”, and emphasized the importance of self-reliance and constructive work.

people must fight for swaraj. Tilak raised the slogan, “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!

Partition of bengal

In 1905 Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal.

The British argued for dividing Bengal for reasons of administrative convenience.

Swadeshi movement,

The partition of Bengal infuriated people all over India. All sections of the Congress – the Moderates and the Radicals, as they may be called – opposed it.

Large public meetings and demonstrations were organised and novel methods of mass protest developed.

The struggle that unfolded came to be known as the Swadeshi movement,

The Swadeshi movement sought to oppose British rule and encourage the ideas of self-help, swadeshi enterprise, national education, and use of Indian languages. To fight for swaraj, the radicals advocated mass mobilisation and boycott of British institutions and goods.

Revolutionary violence The use of violence to make a radical change within society Council – An appointed or elected body of people with an administrative, advisory or representative function

A group of Muslim landlords and nawabs formed the All India Muslim League at Dacca in 1906.

the Congress and the Muslim League signed the historic Lucknow Pact and decided to work together for representative government in the country

The Growth of Mass Nationalism

1. The First World War

It led to a huge rise in the defence expenditure of the Government of India. The government in turn increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits. Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to a sharp rise in prices which created great difficulties for the common people.

2. Villages were pressurised to supply soldiers for an alien cause. A large number of soldiers were sent to serve abroad.

3. in 1917 there was a revolution in Russia. News about peasants’ and workers’ struggles and ideas of socialism circulated widely, inspiring Indian nationalists.

The advent of Mahatma Gandhi

arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa.

Mahatma Gandhi spent his first year in India travelling throughout the country, understanding the people, their needs and the overall situation.

 First role in movement was Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad satyagraha where he came into contact with Rajendra Prasad and Vallabhbhai Patel

The Rowlatt act( 1919, indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without trial and judicial review)

The Act curbed fundamental rights such as the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers.

The Rowlatt Satyagraha

Gandhiji asked the Indian people to observe 6 April 1919 as a day of non-violent opposition to this Act, as a day of “humiliation and prayer” and hartal (strike).

In April 1919 there were a number of demonstrations and hartals in the country and the government used brutal measures to suppress them. The Jallianwala Bagh atrocities, inflicted by General Dyer in Amritsar on Baisakhi day (13 April), were a part of this repression

Knighthood – An honour granted by the British Crown for exceptional personal achievement or public service. Due to jjallian wala massacre  Rabindranath Tagore expressed the pain and anger of the country by renouncing his knighthood.

Khilafat agitation and the Non-Cooperation Movement

In 1920 the British imposed a harsh treaty on the Turkish Sultan or Khalifa

Indian Muslims were keen that the Khalifa be allowed to retain control over Muslim sacred places in the erstwhile Ottoman Empire. The leaders of the Khilafat agitation, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, now wished to initiate a full-fledged Non-Cooperation Movement. Gandhiji supported their call and urged the Congress to campaign against “Punjab wrongs” (Jallianwala massacre), the Khilafat wrong and demand swaraj

Effacts of non coopration

Thousands of students left governmentcontrolled schools and colleges. Many lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali gave up their practices. British titles were surrendered and legislatures boycotted. People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth. The imports of foreign cloth fell drastically between 1920 and 1922.
Picket – People protesting outside a building or shop to prevent others from entering
Mahants – Religious functionaries of Sikh gurdwaras Illegal eviction – Forcible and unlawful throwing out of tenants from the land they rent.
The happenings of 1922 -1929
Mahatma Gandhi, abruptly called off the Non-Cooperation Movement when in February 1922 a crowd of peasants set fire to a police station in Chauri  Chaura. Twenty two policemen were killed on that day.
Simon Commission
In 1927 the British government in England decided to send a commission headed by Lord Simon to decide India’s political future. The Commission had no Indian representative. The decison created an outrage in India. All political groups decided to boycott the Commission. When the Commission arrived it was met with demonstrations with banners saying “Simon Go Back”.
 Purna Swaraj (complete independence) in 1929 under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru. Consequently, “Independence Day” was observed on 26 January 1930 all over the country.
HSRA
Revolutionary nationalists such as Bhagat Singh and his comrades  founded the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) in 1928 at Ferozeshah Kotla in Delhi.
 Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt, threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929.
The March to Dandi
According to  salt law, the state had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt. Mahatma Gandhi along with other nationalists reasoned that it was sinful to tax salt since it is such an essential item of our food.
Gandhiji and his followers marched for over 240 miles from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi where they broke the government law by gathering natural salt found on the seashore, and boiling sea water to produce salt.
The government tried to crush the movement through brutal action against peaceful satyagrahis. Thousands were sent to jail.
The combined struggles of the Indian people bore fruit when the Government of India Act of 1935 prescribed provincial autonomy and the government announced elections to the provincial legislatures in 1937. The Congress formed governments in 7 out of 11 provinces.
In September 1939, after two years of Congress rule in the provinces, the Second World War broke out.
Quit India movement, August 1942
Mahatma Gandhi decided to initiate quit India immediately, he told them. To the people he said, “do or die” in your effort to fight the British.
  Sarojini Naidu She was the first Indian woman to become President of the Indian National Congress (1925).
Subhas Chandra Bose A radical nationalist, raised the Azad Hind Fauj or the Indian National Army (INA), to free India from British control.
 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari  free India’s first Indian Governor-General.
General”constituencies Election districts with no reservations for any religious or other community.
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the Pashtun leader from the North West Frontier Also known as Badshah Khan, he was the founder of the Khudai Khidmatgars, a powerful non-violent movement.
Cabinet mission
 In March 1946 the British cabinet sent a three-member mission to Delhi to examine the demand of muslim league's for “Pakistan” and to suggest a suitable political framework for a free India. 
This mission suggested that India should remain united and constitute itself as a loose confederation with some autonomy for Muslim-majority areas.
“Direct Action Day”
the Muslim League decided on mass agitation for winning its Pakistan demand. It announced 16 August 1946 as “Direct Action Day”. On this day riots broke out in Calcutta, lasting several days and resulting in the death of thousands of people.

question related to marginalisation

Q1. What is marginalization?

Ans. Marginalization refers to the reduce power and importance of certain people in our country. Example Tribals or Adivasi, OBC’s, Religious minorities and women.

Q2. Who are Adivasi?  

Ans . Adivasi term literally means ‘original inhabitants’or communities who lived, and often continue to live, in close association with forests.  Around 8 per cent of India’s population is Adivasis   there are over 500 different Adivasi groups in India.

Q3. Why are tribal communities poor?

 Losing their land and access to the forest means that tribal lose their main sources of livelihood and food.  

Most Adivasis have migrated to cities in search of work where they are employed for very low wages in local industries and at construction sites.  

45 percent of tribal groups in rural areas and 35 percent in urban areas live below the poverty live. This leads to deprivation in other areas.   

 Many tribal children are malnourished. Literacy rates among tribals are also very low.

Q4.  . “Muslims are marginalized community” Give two reasons?  

Muslims are marginalized community in India because in comparison to other communities, they have over the years been deprived of the benefits of socio- economic development.  Like other minorities, Muslim customs and practices are sometimes quite distinct from  others .

Some not all Muslim may wear a burqa, sport a long beard, wear a fez, and these become ways to identify Muslims.

Because of this they tend to be identified differently and some people think they are not like ‘rest of us’.

Often this becomes the excuse to treat them unfairly, and discriminate against them.

Q5. How does the constitution of India protect the right of the minorities?

Ans.   1. Constitution provides safeguards to religious minorities as part of our fundamental rights.

 2. Safeguards are present to protect minority communities against the possibility of being culturally dominated by the majority.

3. They also protect them against any discrimination and disadvantage that they may face.

Q6. Briefly describe the religious beliefs of Adivasis.  

These often involve the worship of ancestors, village and natural spirits, the last associated with and residing in various sites in the landscape – ‘mountain-spirits’, ‘riverspirits’, ‘animal-spirits’, etc.  

The village spirits are often worshipped at specific sacred groves within the village boundary while the ancestral ones are usually worshipped at home.  

Adivasis have always been influenced by different surrounding religions like Shakta, Buddhist, Vaishnav, Bhakti and Christianity.

Q7. Mention the state inhabited by Adivasis.

Ans. Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

Q8.Glossary

 Hierarchy: A graded system or arrangement of persons or things.  

 Ghettoisation: A ghetto is an area or locality that is populated largely by members of a particular community due to various social, cultural and economic reasons.  . Mainstream:     In this chapter it is used to refer to a cultural context in which the customs and practices that are followed are those of the dominant community. often the powerful or dominant group.

Displaced:   people who are forced or compelled to move from their homes for big development projects including dams, mining etc.  

 Malnourished: A person who does not get adequate nutrition or food.

Q9. Mention the largest religious minority in our country.

Ans. Muslims are 13.4 per cent of India’s population and are considered to be a largest marginalized community in India.

Q10. what stereotypes are related to adivasis?

Ans; Adivasis are   portrayed in very stereotypical ways – in colourful costumes, headgear and through their dancing.

Besides this,   people believing that they are exotic, primitive and backward.

Adivasis are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be resistant to change or new ideas.

Q11. Where the adivasis from Jharkhand moved?

Ans; From the 1830s onwards, Adivasis from Jharkhand and adjoining areas moved in very large numbers to various plantations in India and the world - Mauritius, the Caribbean and even Australia. India’s tea industry became possible with their labour in Assam.

Q12. What metals are important in present-day India? Why? Where do they come from? Are there Adivasi populations there?

Ans; Iron ,gold,copper are important metals in present days because these metals are backbone of our economy as well as industry. These metals are mined from Jharkhand,orrisa, chattisgarh etc which are highly tribled states.

civilising the natives

Civilizing the natives and educating the nation exercise questions

Q1 Why did William Jones  feel the need to study Indian history, Philosophy and Law?

Ans; William Jones felt the need to study Indian history, philosophy and law  because it will    help the British learn from Indian culture.

  it would also help Indian to rediscover their own heritage and understand the lost glories of their past. 

This would establish the British as guardians of Indian culture and gain total control.

Q2. Why did James Mill and Thomas Macaulay think that European education was essential in India?

Ans;  Macaulay felt that knowledge of English would allow Indians to read some of the finest literature the world had produced. 

It would make them aware of the developments in Western Science and philosophy.  .

It would supply the civil servents to british govt .

Introducing European ways of life would change their tastes and desires and create a demand for British goods, because Indians would begin to buy things that were produced in Europe.

Q3. Why mahatma Gandhi wanted to teach children handicrafts?

Ans  Mahatma Gandhi thought that practical knowledge is important then textual knowledge.

Ganhi believed that people had to work with hands learn craft and know how different things operated.

It would develop their mind and capacity to understand.

Q4. Why mahatma Gandhi think that English education had enslaved Indians/

Ans; mahatma Gandhi felt that colonial education created a sense of inferiority in the minds of Indians.

It made them see western civilization as superior and destroyed the pride of their own culture .

It is poison and sinful and enslaved them.

It crippled Indians and made them strangers in their own country.

Q5. What was Madrasa and when  first madrasa  was set up?

Ans; Madrasa is an Arabic word for a place of learning .  first Madrasa was set up in Calcutta in 1781 to promote the study of  Arabic , Persian and Islamic laws.

Q6. Where was first hindu college set up?

The Hindu College was set up in Benaras in 1791.

     Q6.  Which institutions known as ‘temples of darkness’?

Ans;  Oriental  institutions like Calcutta madrasa and the  hindu  college were known as temple of darkness.

Q7. Who introduced  Woods dispatch?

Charles wood in 1854 introduced woods dispatch.  According to it  education department  of the govt were set up to extend control over  education.

In 1857 university like Bombay madras and Calcutta were setup.